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The 2004 Istanbul summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey from June 28 to June 29, 2004. It was the 17th NATO summit in which NATO's Heads of State and Governments met to make formal decisions about security topics. In general, the summit is seen as a continuation of the transformation process that began in the 2002 Prague summit, which hoped to create a shift from a Cold War alliance against Soviet aggression to a 21st-century coalition against new and out-of-area security threats.〔(UNITED STATES MISSION TO NATO, ''NATO Summit'', n.d. )〕〔F. BONNART, "Istanbul summit : NATO could find its new purpose in Iraq" in ''The International Herald Tribune'', June 26, 2004, ()〕 The summit consisted of four meetings. NATO members welcomed seven new alliance members during the North Atlantic Council meeting, decided to expand the alliance's presence in the War in Afghanistan and to end its presence in Bosnia, agreed to assist Iraq with training, launched a new partnership initiative and adopted measures to improve NATO’s operational capabilities.〔 The NATO-Russia Council meeting was mostly noted by the absence of both Russian president Vladimir Putin and of any progress concerning the ratification of the adapted CFE treaty or the withdrawal of Russian troops from Georgia and Moldova.〔V. SOCOR, "Putin fails to win concessions from NATO: Russia at the NATO summit: cooperative rhetoric, zero-sum practice NATO" in ''Eurasia Daily Monitor'', 1, (2004), 43, ()〕 NATO leaders further welcomed progress made by Ukraine towards membership in the NATO-Ukraine Commission meeting〔 and discussed some general and mostly symbolic topics with its non-NATO counterparts during the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council meeting.〔 Due to Turkish government fears of a terrorist attack, security measures during the summit were tight. Demonstrators from around the world gathered to protest against NATO or the American foreign policy under the George W. Bush Administration, while the summit itself was blown off the front pages of the world press by the unexpected transfer of Iraqi sovereignty, coinciding with the first day of the NATO summit on June 28.〔N. BUTLER, "Deep Divisions over Iraq at NATO's Istanbul Summit" in ''Disarmament Diplomacy'', (2004), 78, ()〕 ==Security measures== Unprecedented security measures were made by the Turkish government to safeguard the NATO summit from terrorist attacks.〔 They especially feared a repetition of the Istanbul bombings of 2003 that killed more than 60 people.〔 Their fear was proven by the arrest of 16 people in Bursa in early May on suspicion of planning to bomb the summit.〔(BBC NEWS, ''Turkey 'foils Nato summit attack' '', May 3, 2004 )〕 Police seized guns, explosives, bomb-making booklets and 4,000 compact discs with training advice from Osama Bin Laden, and believed that the suspects were members of the radical Islamic group Ansar al-Islam, thought to be linked with al-Qaeda. On June 24 two bombs also exploded. One bomb went off in a bus in Istanbul killing 4 people (including the bomber), the other outside a hotel in Ankara where US president George W. Bush would be staying.〔(BBC NEWS, ''Turkey boosts security after bomb'', June 25, 2004 )〕〔A. YACKLEY, "Explosions in Turkey kill three" in ''The Scotsman'', June 25, 2004, ()〕 Additionally, on June 25, explosives were found in a parked car at Istanbul's main airport.〔(BBC NEWS, ''Blast on plane at Istanbul airport'', June 28, 2004 )〕 Security measures included Turkish war ships and Turkish commandos in rubber boats patrolling the Bosporus, AWACS surveillance planes and F-16 warplanes circling above the city in order to monitor a no-fly zone over the city, and the assignment of 23,000 to 24,000 police officers, supported by police helicopters and armoured vehicles.〔CNN, ''U.S. welcomes NATO pledge to train Iraqi troops'', June 28, 2004, ()〕〔(BBC NEWS, ''Istanbul gears up for summit'', June 27, 2004 )〕 The Bosphorus Strait was also closed to oil tankers, the underground rail system was suspended and whole city districts were sealed off.〔CHINA DAILY, ''Bombs explode in Turkey before Bush, NATO summit'', June 25, 2006, ()〕 Nevertheless, a small bomb or explosive devise blew up on an empty Turkish Airlines plane on June 29 as workers were cleaning it at the main Istanbul airport. Three of the workers were slightly injured.〔S. SACHS, "Afghan Asks NATO to Protect Officials Registering Voters" in ''The New York Times'', June 29, 2004, ()〕 The extent of disruption caused by the security measures was criticized by several Turkish newspapers. The newspaper ''Cumhuriyet'' for instance called the situation "a total disgrace" and commented that Istanbul and Ankara looked like "ghost cities for a couple of days, imprisoning the people, emptying the streets and stopping boats from leaving."〔(BBC NEWS, ''Nato summit sparks Turkish press debate'', June 30, 2004 )〕 The newspaper further added that people died because emergency services were unable to reach them. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2004 Istanbul summit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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